|
The General Government, sometimes also General Governorate ((ドイツ語:Generalgouvernement), (ポーランド語:Generalne Gubernatorstwo), (ウクライナ語:Генеральна губернія)), was a territory in Poland and Ukraine carved out by Adolf Hitler at the onset of World War II after the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The newly occupied Second Polish Republic was split into three zones: the General Government in its centre, Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany in the west and Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union in the east.〔 The basis for the formation of General Government was a German claim of the total collapse of the Polish state, proclaimed unilaterally by the Führer on October 8, 1939 through the so-called ''Annexation Decree on the Administration of the Occupied Polish Territories''.〔 This rationale was utilized by the German Supreme Court to reassign the identity of all Polish nationals as stateless subjects, with exception of the ethnic Germans of interwar Poland, named the only rightful citizens of the Third Reich, in disregard of international law. The General Government was run by Nazi Germany as a separate administrative unit for logistical purposes, in contrast to the Soviet practice of directly annexing everything the Soviet Union captured. When the Wehrmacht forces attacked the Soviet positions in Kresy in June 1941 during its initially successful Operation Barbarossa, the area of the General Government was enlarged by the inclusion of the regions of Poland occupied by the Red Army since 1939.〔 Within days, so-called Eastern Galicia was overrun and renamed ''Distrikt Galizien''. Until 1945 the General Government comprised much of central and southern Poland (and of modern-day western Ukraine), including the major Polish cities of Warsaw, Kraków, Lwów, Lublin, Tarnopol and Stanisławów, among others.〔 The Nazi German rulers of the ''Generalgouvernement'' territory had no intention of sharing power with the Poles or Ukrainians throughout the war, regardless of their political orientation. The authorities rarely even mentioned the name "Poland" in government correspondence. The only exception to this was the General Government's Bank of Issue in Poland (Polish: ''Bank Emisyjny w Polsce'', ''German: Emissionbank in Polen''). The government and administration of the General Government was composed entirely of Germans, with the intent that the area was to be colonized by German settlers who would exterminate most Poles and reduce the remaining population to the level of serfs before their final genocide.〔"Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences" by Keith Bullivant, Geoffrey J. Giles, Walter Pape, Rodopi 1999, page 32〕〔Białe plamy-czarne plamy: sprawy trudne w polsko-rosyjskich stosunkach 1918-2008, Polsko-Rosyjska Grupa do Spraw Trudnych, page 378.〕 ==Name== The full title of the regime in German until July 1940 was the ''Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete'', a name that is usually translated as the General Government for the Occupied Polish Territories. On 31 July 1940 governor Hans Frank, on Hitler's authority, shortened the name to just ''Generalgouvernement''.〔(Hans Frank's Diary )〕 A more literal translation of ''Generalgouvernement'', which is a borrowing from French, would be General Governorate. The correct translation of the term "Gouvernement" is not ''government'' but actually ''governorate'', which is a type of administrative division or territory. The area was also known colloquially as the ''Restpolen'' ("Remainder of Poland"). The designation ''General Government'' was chosen in reference to the Government General of Warsaw, a civil entity created in the area by the German Empire during World War I. This district existed from 1914 to 1918 together with an Austro-Hungarian-controlled Military Government of Lublin alongside the short-lived Kingdom of Poland of 1916-1918, a similar rump state formed out of the then-Russian-controlled parts of Poland.〔Liulevicius, Vejas G. (2000). ''War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, Identity, and German Occupation in World War I''. Cambridge University Press, p. 54. ()〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「general government」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|